example of TOS in Elementary
Context 1
… TOS provides a two-way chart to help teachers relate their instructional objectives, the cognitive level of instruction, and the amount of the test that should assess each objective ( Nortar et al., 2004). Table 3, illustrates a modified TOS used to develop a summative test for a unit of study in a 5 th grade Social Studies class. The TOS provides a framework for organizing information about the instructional activities experienced by the student. …
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Context 2
… review of Table 3 reveals a 7 column TOS (labeled A-G). The information in columns A, B, and C are taken directly from the teacher’s lesson plans and reflective notes. …
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Context 3
… the top of Column E of Table 3, you should note that for this test the teacher has decided to use 10 items. The number of items to include on any given test is a professional decision made by the teacher based on the number of objectives in the unit, his/her understanding of the students, the class time allocated for testing, and the importance of the assessment. …
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Context 4
… we believe that the ideal test is one that students can complete in the time allotted, with enough time to brainstorm any writing portions, and to check their answers before turning in their completed assessment. The creator of the TOS in Table 3 decided to create a Fives & DiDonato-Barnes, Table of Specifications 10 item test that would include 7 multiple choice items and 3 short answer items. Just a reminder, this is a professional decision made by the teacher based on his/her knowledge of the students, the classroom context, and the role of this test in relation to other assessments for the grade period. …
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Context 5
… making this decision a teacher should consider the best way to get the desired information from the student. For instance, in Table 3, the teacher has indicated that he/she will use a short answer question to assess objective 2 “Summarize the contributions of different religious and cultural groups to the settlement of the Middle Atlantic Colonies.” While this is considered a low level thinking item, simply rephrasing the material taught in class, it lends itself to a short answer item because students are required to put these descriptions in their own words rather than just selecting from a series of choices. …
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